三峡库区地质灾害监测技术及展望

笔者综述了三峡库区地质灾害监测技术的应用现状。在论述当前地质灾害监测技术存在的问题的基础上,提出了新型的基于Internet的地质灾害远程、集中监测系统,并详细讨论了该技术的原理、结构、应用前景以及功能完善和发展方向。新型安全监测系统的使用可有效防止库区地质灾害的发生,控制其潜在危害;提高库区整体预警管理水平,有效增强防灾减灾能力;显著降低库区安全监测系统运行成本。     

稠油污水处理系统改造与絮凝剂筛选试验研究

河南油田井楼稠油联合站含油污水中的污油和悬浮物含量较高,超过150mg/L。为此,对该处理系统进行了改造,并对絮凝剂的筛选进行了试验。结果表明:无机絮凝剂与有机絮凝剂联合作用,可对污水中所含有的污油和有机物杂质的悬浮物产生很好的絮凝沉降效果。加药浓度、加药顺序及沉降时间均对絮凝沉降效果有一定的影响。改造后的污水处理系统实现了污水达标回注,降低了无效回注费用。同时还回收了污油,降低了药剂成本,产生了十分明显的经济效益,每年节约成本约500万元。     

TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE YADKIN RIVER FLOW VERSUS SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION RELATIONSHIP1

ABSTRACT: Dynamic linear models (DLM) and seasonal trend decomposition (STL) using local regression, or LOESS, were used to analyze the 50‐year time series of suspended sediment concentrations for the Yadkin River, measured at the U.S. Geological Survey station at Yadkin College, North Carolina. A DLM with constant trend, seasonality, and a log₁₀ streamflow regressor provided the best model to predict monthly mean log₁₀ suspended sediment concentrations, based on the forecast log likelihood. Using DLM, there was evidence (odds approximately 69:1) that the log₁₀ streamflow versus log₁₀ suspended sediment concentration relationship has changed, with an approximate 20 percent increase in the log₁₀ streamflow coefficient over the period 1981 to 1996. However, sediment concentrations in the Yadkin River have decreased during the decade of the 1990s, which has been accompanied by a concomitant increase in streamflow variability. Although STL has been shown to be a versatile trend analysis technique, DLM is shown to be more suitable for discovery and inference of structural changes (trends) in the model coefficient describing the relationship between flow and sediment concentration.     

基于可接受安全间距的单车道交通流模拟模型

交通流微观模拟是采用计算机对交通流进行描述及分析的方法。尤其对于复杂的交通流而言,微观模拟具有明显的优势,然而模拟的准确与否,关键在于模型的建立。笔者即是在研究我国单车道交通流特点的基础上,借鉴车道变换理论,基于驾驶员可接受的交通安全间距,分析安全变换车道的各间距之间的关系,阐述了有超车的单车道交通流模拟模型的建立方法     

利用白云石石灰去除与回收污泥厌氧消化液中氮和磷

以白云石石灰为实验材料去除与回收污泥厌氧消化液中的氮磷,通过小试实验研究不同投药固液比S/L、初始pH值、反应温度、搅拌速度及反应时间对去除与回收氮磷效果的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳投药固液比S/L为300mg/L,最佳初始pH值范围为8.5~9.5,反应温度为25.0℃,搅拌速度为150 r/min,反应时间为24 h条件下,氨氮(NH+4-N)和磷(PO3-4-P)的去除率分别为37.26%和89.60%。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对沉淀产物进行了表征,通过分析可知沉淀产物中含有磷酸铵镁(MAP),可实现废水中氮磷经济有效的回收。     

Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备及头孢合成废水的催化臭氧氧化法深度处理

对Mn/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的制备条件及头孢合成废水的催化臭氧氧化法深度处理工艺条件进行了优化。实验结果表明：以Mn（NO₃）₂溶液为浸渍液，Mn/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的最优制备条件为浸渍液浓度0.10 mol/L、浸渍时间9 h、焙烧温度400 ℃、焙烧时间2 h;在反应时间为30 min、废水pH为9.0、臭氧通量为4.6 mg/min、催化剂加入量为5 g/L的条件下，当进水COD、BOD₅、ρ（氨氮）和色度分别为220~250 mg/L，8~10 mg/L，10~12 mg/L和60~70倍时，出水COD、BOD₅、ρ（氨氮）和色度的平均去除率分别为53%，30%，33%和93%，出水水质满足GB 21904—2008《化学合成类制药工业水污染物排放标准》的要求。     

Cancer risk from gaseous carbonyl compounds in indoor environment generated from household coal combustion in Xuanwei,China

Airborne carbonyls were characterized from emitted indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Eleven of 19 types of samples (58%) demonstrated formaldehyde concentrations higher than the World Health Organization exposure limit (a 30-min average of 100 μg m^?3). Different positive significant correlations between glyoxal/methylglyoxal and formaldehyde/acetaldehyde concentrations were observed, suggesting possible different characteristics in emissions between two pairs of carbonyl compounds. A sample in the highest inhalation risk shows 29.2 times higher risk than the lowest sample, suggesting different coal sampling locations could contribute to the variation of inhalation risk. Inhabitants in Xuanwei also tend to spend more time cooking and more days per year indoors than the national average. The calculated cancer risk ranged from 2.2–63 × 10^?5, which shows 13 types of samples at high-risk level. Cumulative effect in combination with different carbonyls could have contributed to the additive actual inhalation cancer risk. There is a need to explicitly address the health effects of environmentally relevant doses, considering life-long exposure in indoor dwellings.     

The effectiveness and risk comparison of EDTA with EGTA in enhancing Cd phytoextraction by Mirabilis jalapa L.

In the previous study, Mirabilis jalapa L. had revealed the basic Cd hyperaccumulator characteristics, but the accumulation ability was not as strong as that of other known Cd hyperaccumulators. In order to improve the accumulation ability of this ornamental plant, the chelants were used to activate the Cd in soil. As a substitute, ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was selected to testify whether it has better effectiveness and can bring lesser metal leaching risk than EDTA. The data showed that the growth of M. jalapa was inhibited, while the Cd concentration of the plant was significantly increased under the treatments containing EDTA or EGTA. The Cd translocation ability under the EGTA treatments was higher than that under the EDTA treatments. The available Cd resulted from the application of chelant EGTA to the contaminated soils can be limited to the top 5 cm, while the application of chelant EDTA to the contaminated soils can be limited to the top 10 cm. In a word, EGTA showed better effectiveness than EDTA in enhancing Cd phytoextraction of M. jalapa. As an ornamental plant, M. jalapa has the potential to be used for phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils and it can beautify the environment at the same time.     

Distribution,sources, and ecological risk assessment of SVOCs in surface sediments from Guan River Estuary,China

The contamination of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the surface sediments of the Guan River Estuary, China was fully investigated. Total concentrations of 56 species of SVOCs ranged from 132 to 274 ng/g with an average of 186 ng/g (dry weight). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were positively correlated with clay content and negatively correlated with sediment grain size. Source identification indicated that PAHs originated mainly from pyrolytic sources. However, intense ship traffic in the estuary may provide sources of petrogenic PAHs. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) mainly originated from direct input of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) during some industrial processes. The SVOC concentrations were also compared with International Sediments Quality Guidelines and Sediments Quality Criteria, and the results indicated that negative biological impacts may originate from high concentrations of FLO, p,p′-DDE, and total DDTs.